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NS ''Arktika'' (Russian: «Арктика») is a retired nuclear-powered icebreaker of the Soviet (now Russian) ''Arktika'' class. In service from 1975 to 2008, she was the first surface ship to reach the North Pole, on August 17, 1977. Construction of the ship began in the Baltic Shipyard in Leningrad on July 3, 1971.〔Olagaard, P. Reistad, O. (April 2006). Russian Nuclear Power Plants for Marine Applications〕 Sea trials completed successfully on December 17, 1975. For further information on the ship's design, construction and propulsion system, see ''Arktika'' class icebreaker. In 1982, she was rechristened ''Leonid Brezhnev'' in honour of Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982.〔Kireeva, A. (October 6, 2008). Reactor to Russian nuclear icebreaker ''Arktika'' stopped, signalling dusk on a golden age of Soviet Technology/Bellona.Org. http://www.bellona.org/articles/articles_2008/Artkika_shutdown〕 In 1986 the name reverted to ''Arktika'', according to some accounts because the ship's crew disliked the new name and refused to respond to radio messages unless the ship was referred to as ''Arktika''. Within a week of the strike, the name was changed back.〔Walston, O. (1994), Arktika. London: Reed Consumer Ltd.〕 Another explanation is that the original name change had been due to an administrative mixup, and the name ''Leonid Brezhnev'' had never been supposed to apply to ''Arktika'' at all, but had been intended for a different ship.〔(''Arctic legend: Saving North Pole conqueror'' ), rt.com, October 9, 2012〕 ''Arktika'' was retired for several years, but was repaired in the late 1990s. Originally designed for 100,000 hours of reactor life, ''Arktika''s service life was prolonged another 50,000 hours in 2000, and another 25,000 hours after that, adding eight years to a 25-year planned service life.〔(October 7, 2008). Arktika Rests After 33 Years of Icebreaking/ World-Nuclear-News.Org. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/WR_Arktika_rests_after_33_years_of_icebreaking_0710081.html〕 The life extension was accomplished by means of replacing critical equipment to allow the safe and continued operation of the nuclear plant. On May 17, 2000, a conference of Russian engineers, scientists, and government officials took place on board ''Arktika'' after her first service extension. The extension cost only $4 million, compared to the $30–50 million cost of a new nuclear icebreaker, and proved to be a successful endeavor. The conference concluded thus that the lifetimes of Russian nuclear icebreakers could be successfully extended to 175,000 hours, and possibly more.〔Kireeva, A. (May 22, 2000). Lifetime for nuclear icebreakers prolonged/Bellona.Org. http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/icebreakers/16825〕 On April 9, 2007 a fire broke out on ''Arktika''. The fire caused minor damage to three cabins and knocked out an electricity-distribution panel. The nuclear reactor was not damaged. There were no injuries. The icebreaker was in the Kara Sea when the blaze erupted, and was sent to Murmansk.〔("Fire in nuclear-powered icebreaker" ), ''BarentsObserver''. Published 2007-04-09.〕〔(Fire on an Atomic Icebreaker ), ''Kommersantъ''. Published Apr. 09, 2007〕 After 33 years of reliable icebreaking, having become the first surface ship to reach the North Pole in 1977, and the first civilian ship to spend more than a year at sea without making port in 2000, and covering more than a million nautical miles by 2005, ''Arktika'' was retired in October 2008.〔("Arktika rests after 33 years of icebreaking" ), ''world-nuclear-news.org'', October 7, 2008.〕 She is docked at Atomflot, the nuclear base and dock in Murmansk, 1 ½ km (0.9 miles) away from the main docks, where she will remain until policies can be drawn up to dismantle her. In the meantime, she is a subject of important research, focused mainly on how to further extend the service life of the other ''Arktika''-class icebreakers.〔Kireeva, A. (October 6, 2008). Reactor to Russian nuclear icebreaker Arktika stopped, signalling dusk on a golden age of Soviet Technology/Bellona.Org. http://www.bellona.org/articles/articles_2008/Artkika_shutdown〕 There have been calls for the ship to be converted to a museum, either in Murmansk or St. Petersburg. An earlier Soviet nuclear icebreaker, ''Lenin'', is already a museum ship in Murmansk.〔(“Arktika” could become museum ), ''Barents Observer'', August 17, 2012〕 == References == 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arktika (icebreaker)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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